- 行业: Weather
- Number of terms: 60695
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The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Founded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 14,000 professionals, ...
All water flowing below the land surface, which may eventually (after a long time) contribute to base flow or become deep percolation.
Industry:Weather
Air in which static stability prevails, a condition that depends on the vertical gradients of air temperature and humidity.
Industry:Weather
Absorption that varies with the wavelength of radiation incident upon the absorbing substance. A substance that absorbs in such fashion is called a selective absorber and is to be contrasted with a blackbody or graybody absorber. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone are significant contributors to selective absorption in the earth's atmosphere.
Industry:Weather
Air contaminated with ozone, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons, with or without natural fog being present. In the presence of sunlight, hydrocarbons and NO<sub>x</sub> are involved in a complex series of chemical reactions that eventually creates ozone and other oxidants as secondary pollutants. However, ozone is also destroyed by NO<sub>x</sub>. Photochemical air pollution levels are generally proportional to concentrations of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons; they also increase with strong solar intensity and high ambient temperatures, which increase biogenic volatile organic emissions to the atmosphere from vegetation. The pollutant levels are inversely proportional to wind speed and inversion height. See'' also'' smog.
Industry:Weather
After U. S. Weather observing practice, the highest “instantaneous” wind speed recorded at a station during a specified period, usually the 24-hour observational day. Therefore, a peak gust need not be a true gust of wind. Compare fastest mile.
Industry:Weather
After U. S. Weather observing practice, a ceiling classification applied when the ceiling value is the vertical visibility upward into precipitation. This is necessary when precipitation obscures the cloud base and prevents a determination of its height. All precipitation ceilings are estimations, but the following are used as guides: the height corresponding to the upper limit of a ceilometer reaction; the top of a ceiling-light projector beam; or the height at which a ceiling balloon or pilot balloon completely disappears. These guides usually indicate values that are lower than the actual vertical visibility. Precipitation ceilings are designated P in aviation weather observations.
Industry:Weather
After U. S. National Weather Service practice, a station staffed by personnel certified to make aviation weather observations and/or synoptic weather observations. Compare second-order climatological station; See'' also'' first-order station.
Industry:Weather
Advice to shipping companies and ship captains of the best routes to be taken between any two ports by a particular ship. Criteria for selection include avoidance of navigational hazards such as fog or ice, fuel economy, and avoidance of damage to ship or cargo (e.g., from a major storm).
Industry:Weather
Additional measurements added to the standard observational network taken to minimize some measure of forecast error. See adaptive observations.
Industry:Weather
