- 行业: Weather
- Number of terms: 60695
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The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Founded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 14,000 professionals, ...
動的緩和観測 (観察微調整） に向かってまたは分析序論 (分析微調整) を調整する使用する 4次元データ同化法。肘で軽く突くリラクゼーション タイム スケールを表す可変係数とモデルのダイナミクスの強制の用語を含めることによって実現されます。計算安価な微調整は、ヒューリスティックおよび物理的な考慮事項をに基づいてください。
Industry:Weather
積分が、目標は通常、初期条件 (数値予報からそれを区別する) に関係なく溶液の挙動を研究します。したがって、統合は通常長時間、ソリューションの最初の条件の効果的に独立になることを許可します。
Industry:Weather
Water brought to the earth's surface from great depths by the upward movement of intrusive igneous rocks. The quantities of neither magmatic water nor connate water are appreciable in comparison to meteoric water.
Industry:Weather
In oceanography, the prediction of flow evolution via numerical construction of approximate solutions to the governing equations. Solutions are obtained by assigning discrete values to temporal and spatial derivatives in order to convert the governing differential equations into algebraic equations that can be solved by using computational methods. Because computational resources are finite, no one technique is ideal for all applications. Some models define the equations on very fine spatial intervals (see direct numerical simulation). This approach furnishes solutions that are very accurate, but that span only small spatial regions (spatial scales of a few meters, at present). At the other extreme, some models span entire ocean basins by using large spatial intervals (hundreds of kilometers). Here, approximation of unresolved motions is a crucial and difficult issue (see very large eddy simulation). Similar trade-offs must be made with respect to temporal solutions. Numerical models also differ in the equations and boundary conditions that are employed. The most general model commonly used in oceanography includes momentum conservation via the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with the Boussinesq approximation, mass conservation via the incompressibility condition, and equations expressing conservation of heat energy and salt (e. G. , Gill 1982). For large-scale applications, the hydrostatic approximation is usually made. The vertical coordinate may be the geometric height, or a convenient substitute such as density, pressure, logarithm of pressure, or potential temperature. Surface boundary conditions generally express fluxes of momentum, heat, and freshwater from the atmosphere. Basin-scale models use boundary conditions that approximate the effects of bottom topography. Smaller-scale models typically specify periodic conditions at the side boundaries and an energy radiation condition at the bottom. See also column model, mixed layer models, coupled model.
Industry:Weather
Acidic gas, formula CH<sub>3</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>H, formed in the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide in the marine atmosphere. As a result of its low volatility it is mainly found in the liquid (aerosol) phase.
Industry:Weather
Radiation over a range of wavelengths for which the Planck function does not change significantly, but for which the spectral absorption coefficient may be highly variable
Transmission functions for narrowband radiation, unlike the exponential function for monochromatic radiation (see Bouguer's law), require the application of band models or numerical techniques such as the correlated-k method. Spectral intervals for narrowband radiation have widths that are typically 100 cm<sup>−1</sup>.
Industry:Weather
Alcohol, also known as methyl alcohol (common name wood alcohol), formula CH<sub>3</sub>OH, formed in small quantities in the oxidation of methane; possibly emitted in large amounts from various species of vegetation.
Industry:Weather
