- 行业: Weather
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The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Founded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 14,000 professionals, ...
The diurnal cycle of local winds between a mountain or a mountain range and the adjacent or surrounding plains during periods of weak synoptic flow. Winds at lower elevations blow from the plains toward the mountains during daytime and from the mountains toward the plains at night. An upper return branch of the circulation at higher levels is sometimes present, blowing in the direction opposite the surface winds and completing the circulation. The mountain-plains wind system is most apparent on individual days when skies are clear and the general prevailing winds are weak, but it is also seen in climatological averages. The term is usually used to represent the larger massif-scale circulations, of which the embedded along-valley wind systems and along-slope wind systems are key components. On the smaller mountain and mountain-range scale, the components of the diurnal cycle are a nocturnal mountain (katabatic) wind and a daytime wind from the plains toward the mountains (anabatic wind).
Industry:Weather
A snow water content sampler consisting of a hollow tube of steel or duralumin and having an internal diameter of 1. 485 in. So that each inch of water in the sample weighs one ounce. This sampler is used almost exclusively in sampling deep snow in the mountains of the western United States. Its design includes a cutting lip for penetrating ice layers in the snow, longitudinal slots for cleaning after a measurement, and accessory wrenches for assembling and driving. The tube is made in short sections with threaded couplings so that it can be disassembled for transportation.
Industry:Weather
(on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. ) An international agreement, signed in 1987, that serves to eliminate the use of compounds that have been linked to destruction of stratospheric ozone (including the chlorofluorocarbons and halons). Subsequent amendments and adjustments have been made to the Protocol (London, 1990; Copenhagen, 1992; Vienna, 1995) that have increased the number of compounds under regulation and accelerated the phaseout of the production of these compounds.
Industry:Weather
The quantity ''gz + c<sub>p</sub>T'' measured on an isentropic surface where ''g'' is the acceleration of gravity, ''z'' the height of the isentropic surface, ''c<sub>p</sub>'' the specific heat of air at constant pressure, and ''T'' the Kelvin temperature; or it is sometimes defined as the same quantity divided by the Coriolis parameter. This is the streamfunction for the geostrophic wind on the isentropic surface.
Industry:Weather
In radiation, the solution of radiative transfer by random walks of simulated photon trajectories through an absorbing, scattering, or emitting medium. Repetition of a large number (a million repetitions may be needed) of independent simulations can produce accurate results even for very complicated problems.
Industry:Weather
A numerical modeling procedure that makes use of random numbers to simulate processes that involve an element of chance. In Monte Carlo simulation, a particular experiment is repeated many times with different randomly determined data to allow statistical conclusions to be drawn.
Industry:Weather
A thermopile used in some types of radiation instruments. Alternate junctions of series-connected manganan–constantan thermocouples are embedded in a shielded nonconducting plate having a large heat capacity. The remaining junctions, which are blackened, are exposed directly to the radiation. The voltage developed by the thermocouple is proportional to the intensity of radiation. See solarimeter.
Industry:Weather
A stationary bank of cirriform cloud marking the upper portion of the system of lenticular clouds formed in the lee wave produced by flow across the Sudeten Mountains in southeastern Germany; a type of foehn cloud. The Moazagotl reaches its maximum development in the colder months, but especially in the autumn. It usually occurs when the air is conditionally unstable and wind speeds exceed certain critical values. Compare Bishop wave, chinook arch.
Industry:Weather
The strong wind blowing across a mountain crest, responsible for the formation of the Moazagotl cloud.
Industry:Weather
