- 行业: Weather
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The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Founded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 14,000 professionals, ...
The science that pertains to the probabilistic description and modeling of the value of hydrologic phenomena, particularly the dynamic behavior and the statistical analysis of records of such phenomena.
Industry:Weather
The rising portion of the hydrograph resulting from runoff of rainfall or snowmelt. See recession.
Industry:Weather
The rotation of a system as though it were a solid or rigid body rotating about a fixed axis, all points within the body having the same angular velocity.
Industry:Weather
The science that treats the periodic biological phenomena with relation to climate, especially seasonal changes. Phenological events are stages of plant growth. From a climatological viewpoint, these phenomena serve as bases for the interpretation of progress in local seasons and the climatic zones, and are considered to integrate the effects of a number of bioclimatic factors on rate of plant development. Phenology may be considered a branch of the science of bioclimatics, the sequence of plant or crop development stages through its life cycle. Growth stages may be defined by stage of physiological development such as germination, first true leaf, flowering, maturity, etc. , and/or by physical stage such as planting, emergence, harvest, etc.
Industry:Weather
The representation in a numerical model of the turbulent transports of heat and moisture by nonprecipitating cumulus clouds with cloud tops below 3000 m above the surface. These shallow cumulus clouds are found all over the globe but they, and their associated turbulent transports, are of particular significance in the trade wind region where they provide the heat and moisture that maintains the thermodynamic structure of the lower troposphere. See parameterization.
Industry:Weather
The result of buoyant thermals that encounter a capping stable layer and have sufficient energy to travel some distance into the stable layer. This penetration may lead to mixing of fluid between the stable and convective layers. A common example is the penetration of thermals from the atmospheric convective boundary layer into the potential temperature inversion capping the mixed layer. See entrainment zone.
Industry:Weather
The representation, in a dynamic model, of physical effects in terms of admittedly oversimplified parameters, rather than realistically requiring such effects to be consequences of the dynamics of the system. See Mellor–Yamada parameterization, subgrid-scale process, convective adjustment.
Industry:Weather
The representation of observed tidal variations in terms of the frequency-dependent amplitude and phase responses to input or forcing functions, usually the gravitational potential due to the moon and sun, and the radiational meteorological forcing.
Industry:Weather
The region of the atmosphere extending from the top of the troposphere (the tropopause), at heights of roughly 10–17 km, to the base of the mesosphere (the stratopause), at a height of roughly 50 km. The stratosphere is characterized by constant or increasing temperatures with increasing height and marked vertical stability. It owes its existence to heating of ozone by solar ultraviolet radiation, and its temperature varies from −85°C or less near the tropical tropopause to roughly 0°C at the stratopause. While the major constituents of the stratosphere are molecular nitrogen and oxygen, just as in the troposphere, the stratosphere contains a number of minor chemical species that result from photochemical reactions in the intense ultraviolet radiation environment. Chief among these is ozone, the presence of which shelters the underlying atmosphere and the earth's surface from exposure to potentially dangerous ultraviolet radiation. See atmospheric shell.
Industry:Weather
