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Routledge is a global publisher of academic books, journals and online resources in the humanities and social sciences.
(born 1941) Trained in painting and architecture, Robert Wilson has become a pre-eminent theater artist whose visionary stagings of standard and original work has transformed both scenography and directorial technique. He is best known for the groundbreaking Einstein on the Beach, a collaboration with composer Philip Glass and choreographer Lucinda Childs, first performed in 1976. This nonlinear, abstract 4–5 hour musing on the scientist was stark, abstract and pictorial: Wilson used graphical, architectural and multiple performing arts. Resoundingly multimedia, Wilson has staged operas in Europe and has collaborated with artists such as Susan Sontag, Allen Ginsburg and Red Grooms. He has worked again with Glass on Monsters of Grace (1998), based on the works of the fourteenth century Sufi poet Rumi.
Industry:Culture
(born 1941); d, 1955 Fourteen-year-old African American Chicagoan who visited his uncle in Mississippi for the summer of 1955. Unfamiliar with the racial code of the South, he spoke casually to a married white woman in a store, and received retribution at the hands of the woman’s husband and his half-brother. Unlike countless lynchings that either went unrecorded or never resulted in a case against the lynchers, the Till case went to court owing to the bravery of his uncle who was willing to identify the assailants. While the two defendants were acquitted by an all-white jury, the national attention the case received and the outrage the verdict unleashed helped to mobilize many African Americans and northern white liberals who joined the Civil Rights movement.
Industry:Culture
(1941 – 1959) Born Richard Valenzuela in the San Fernando Valley Valens died before he could realize his full potential as a rock ’n’ roller before his eighteenth birthday. His first single, “Come On, Let’s Go,” recorded when he was 17, was a western regional hit in 1958. Later that year the ballad “Donna” reached number two on the charts. Valens’ fame would rest ultimately on the flipside, the traditional Latin party song “La Bamba.” Valens died in a plane crash on his first major US tour with Buddy Holly and J.P. Richardson (the Big Bopper).
Industry:Culture
(1941 – 1998) Stokely Carmichael was best known for his involvement in the civil-rights movement in the 1960s. In 1966 Carmichael was elected president of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), an organization developed in 1960 and a leading group in the new Civil Rights movement. Carmichael brought a new brand of leadership to SNCC, one that rejected integrationism, focused on the political and economic independence of the black community and turned attention towards the issue of black self-esteem. Though controversial for his views on violent resistance as well as his dismissal of women within SNCC, Carmichael was pivotal for his innovative and critical contributions to civil rights. After 1969, he lived in Guinea with his wife, folksinger Miriam Makeba. In 1978, he took the new name Kwame Touré, honoring Kwame Nkrumah and Sekou Touré.
Industry:Culture
(born 1942) Autobiographical novelist, whose first works, Setting Free the Bears (1968), The Water Method Man (1972) and The 158-Pound Marriage (1974), developed themes that reached fruition in The World According to Garp (1978) and Hotel New Hampshire (1981). Garp, in particular, brought Irving considerable public attention, with its irreverence, its blending of absurdity and realism and its engagement with issues of sex and violence, which the author suggested were the embodiment of American culture.
More recent works include A Prayer for Owen Meany (1989) and The Son of the Circus (1994), in which an aging, Indian-born Garp works among film stars, dwarfs and a murderer in Bombay.
Industry:Culture
(born 1942) Born in Memphis, Tennessee, and raised in Detroit, MI, Aretha Franklin is considered the “Queen of Soul.” Trained throughout her youth in gospel singing in church, her vocal range and abilities transcend those of most singers in the music business. She was signed to Columbia Records in 1960, but did not have her first hit until 1967. In that same year she recorded “Respect” which reached number one on the popular music charts, and quickly became a virtual anthem for both Civil Rights and women’s movements.
Industry:Culture
(born 1942) Charismatic first three-time heavyweight boxing champion who transcended sport as an icon of the Black Power and anti-Vietnam War movements. Born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Muhammad Ali was a light heavyweight gold medallist at the 1960 Olympic Games. A professional sensation for his speed with words as well as fists, his claims to be “the prettiest” and “the Greatest” were precursors to “Black is Beautiful.” He won the championship in 1964, but was reviled for joining the Nation of Islam, friendship with Malcolm X and for changing his name. In 1967, boxing organizations stripped his title for refusing induction into the army because of religious beliefs. Unable to box again until 1970, Ali spoke out publicly against the war and on racial issues. His conviction for draft evasion was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1971, public opinion having swung against the war. Ali then became very popular, even among non-boxing fans, and cemented his fame in three epic matches with Joe Frazier: the first, in 1970, pitted two undefeated champions. Ali lost, won a rematch, regained the title by upsetting George Foreman in Zaire in 1974, and beat Frazier again in “The Thrilla’ in Manila” in 1975.
Though afflicted with Parkinson’s Syndrome, Ali lit the Olympic torch in 1996, and acts as a goodwill ambassador for orthodox Islam.
Industry:Culture
(born 1942) Streisand’s appearance in Broadway’s “I Can Get it For You Wholesale” (1960) showcased her to New York City audiences as a singer of intensity and a comedian who utilized her Jewish upbringing for her persona. After a short-lived television show in the 1960s, she went on to a major career as an actor, beginning with Funny Girl (1968).
Streisand is now also a director and producer (Yentl, 1983; The Mirror Has Two Faces, 1996), but has maintained her presence as a singer of ballads with a distinctive interpretation, never shying away from the sentiment of the song. This quality has made her not only a favorite among New Yorkers, but has also helped her keep her devoted gay following.
Industry:Culture
(1942 – 1970) Born in Seattle, WA, Hendrix developed his unique left-handed technique (on a righthanded guitar) while playing back-up on tour for R&B artists like Sam Cooke and Little Richard. After a short period living in New York City, NY, he moved to London and became a big influence in the emerging music scene in England (particularly with guitarists like Syd Barrett of Pink Floyd, and John McLaughlin). His band, the Jimi Hendrix Experience, recorded several hits, including “Purple Haze” and Bob Dylan’s “All Along the Watchtower,” and soon his popularity spread back in the United States.
Hendrix’s performance of “The Star-Spangled Banner,” at the Woodstock Festival in 1969, turned the anthem into suitable accompaniment for pictures of the dropping of Napalm in Vietnam, and revealed the subversive political potential of rock music. He died after a bout of mixing alcohol and drugs.
Industry:Culture
(1942 – 1998) Born Virginia Wynette Pugh in Mississippi and raised by grandparents who picked cotton, Tammy became the First Lady of country music (although the “real” First Lady, Hillary Rodham Clinton, said in 1992 she was no “Stand by Your Man” woman). Ms Wynette left her hairdressing career behind and moved to Nashville in 1966 to record; her resonant voice came to epitomize the female country voice in the 1970s, singing of love and loss. After her fifth husband, she released her most famous song “Stand by Your Man” (1969), although her comeback hit with the English pop act KLF, “Justified and Ancient” (1992), sold more records internationally. She also performed duets with Smokey Robinson, Aaron Neville and Elton John.
Industry:Culture
