- 行业: Oil & gas
- Number of terms: 8814
- Number of blossaries: 0
- Company Profile:
A long, high-pressure pipe fitted to the top of a wellhead or Christmas tree so that tools may be put into a high-pressure well. The top of the lubricator assembly includes a high-pressure grease-injection section and sealing elements. The lubricator is installed on top of the tree and tested, the tools placed in the lubricator and the lubricator pressurized to wellbore pressure. Then the top valves of the tree are opened to enable the tools to fall or be pumped into the wellbore under pressure. To remove the tools, the reverse process is used: the tools are pulled up into the lubricator under wellbore pressure, the tree valves are closed, the lubricator pressure is bled off, and then the lubricator may be opened to remove the tools.
Industry:Oil & gas
A long, continuous length of pipe wound on a spool. The pipe is straightened prior to pushing into a wellbore and rewound to coil the pipe back onto the transport and storage spool. Depending on the pipe diameter (1 in. To 4 1/2 in. ) and the spool size, coiled tubing can range from 2,000 ft to 15,000 ft (610 to 4,570 m) or greater length.
Industry:Oil & gas
A long square or hexagonal steel bar with a hole drilled through the middle for a fluid path. The kelly is used to transmit rotary motion from the rotary table or kelly bushing to the drillstring, while allowing the drillstring to be lowered or raised during rotation. The kelly goes through the kelly bushing, which is driven by the rotary table. The kelly bushing has an inside profile matching the kelly's outside profile (either square or hexagonal), but with slightly larger dimensions so that the kelly can freely move up and down inside.
Industry:Oil & gas
A linear, nonionic polymer made of acrylamide monomers, CH<sub>2</sub>=CHCONH<sub>2</sub>. High molecular-weight polyacrylamides are used as selective flocculants in clear-water drilling, low-solids muds and wastewater cleanup. Polymers made of smaller molecules are used as clay deflocculants in water muds, which can contain hardness ions. Polyacrylamides are not nearly as sensitive to salinity and hardness as the anionic polyacrylates (SPA). Also, being nonionic, they are not as powerful for flocculation or deflocculation applications. Acrylamide polymers are, however, susceptible to hydrolysis and release ammonia under hot, alkaline conditions.
Industry:Oil & gas
A linear copolymer of acrylate (anionic) and acrylamide (nonionic) monomers, also called partially-hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA). The ratio of acrylic acid to acrylamide groups on the polymer chain can be varied in manufacturing, as can molecular weight. Another variable is the base used to neutralize the acrylic acid groups, usually NaOH or KOH, or sometimes NH<sub>4</sub>OH. A concentration of approximately 10 to 30% acrylate groups provides optimal anionic characteristics for most drilling applications. High-molecular weight PHPA is used as a shale-stabilizing polymer in PHPA mud systems. It is also used as clay extender, either dry-mixed into clay or added at the rig to a low-bentonite mud. PHPA can also be used to flocculate colloidal solids during clear-water drilling and for wastewater cleanup. Low molecular-weight PHPA is a clay deflocculant.
Industry:Oil & gas
A lignosulfonate that has been treated by mixing or reacting into the molecular structure some form of chromium (either chromate or chromic salt). Although still used today in less environmentally sensitive areas, it has been replaced by iron or calcium lignosulfonates. Ferro-chrome lignosulfonate is a popular type of deflocculant that contains iron and chromium salts.
Industry:Oil & gas
A lignite that has been treated (admixed or reacted with) chromic or chromate salt, such as potassium or sodium chromate or dichromate or chromic chloride. Also, chrome lignite may contain added (sometimes reacted) KOH or NaOH. Chromed mud additives have largely been eliminated from usage in the US because of environmental concerns. Chrome lignite was more temperature-stable than plain lignite in clay-based water muds.
Industry:Oil & gas
A lignite that has been coated with a chemical that renders it dispersible in oil. The treatment is usually accomplished with a type of quaternary amine compound.
Industry:Oil & gas
A length of pipe used below the surface casing string, but before the production casing is run, to isolate one or more zones of the openhole to enable deepening of the well. There may be several intermediate casing strings. Depending on well conditions, these strings may have higher pressure integrity than the prior casing strings, especially when abnormally pressured formations are expected during the drilling of the next openhole section.
Industry:Oil & gas
A length of ordinary steel link chain used by the drilling crew to cause pipe being screwed together to turn rapidly. This is accomplished by first carefully wrapping the chain around the lower half of the tool joint that is hanging off in the slips, stabbing another joint into that one, and then throwing the chain in such a manner that it wraps itself on the new upper joint. At the proper time, the driller must pull tension on the chain while a member of the floor crew holds some tension on the free end of the chain. This causes the new drillpipe joint to act like a spool, and as the driller pulls the chain on one end using the drawworks, the spool (or new pipe joint) turns and screws into the joint hung off in the slips. If the floor crew members are not extremely careful, loose clothing or worse, fingers, may become trapped in the unspooling chain and be severely damaged or cut off. Most rig contractors have discontinued the use of spinning chains because of high accident rates. The chains are still available on the rigs, but are not routinely used, having been replaced with other mechanical spinning devices.
Industry:Oil & gas
