- 行业: Economy; Printing & publishing
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Le véhicule pour la promotion du libre-échange international, à travers une série de cycles de négociations entre les gouvernements des partenaires commerciaux. Le GATT de premier cycle a commencé en 1945. Le dernier a conduit à la création de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce en 1995.
Industry:Economy
The ability of people to undertake economic transactions with people in other countries free from any restraints imposed by governments or other regulators. Measured by the volume of imports and exports, world trade has become increasingly free in the years since the second world war. A fall in barriers to trade, as a result of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and its successor, the World Trade Organization, has helped stimulate this growth. The volume of world merchandise trade at the start of the 21st century was about 17 times what it was in 1950, and the world's total output was not even six times as big. The ratio of world exports to GDP had more than doubled since 1950. Of this, trade in manufactured goods was worth three times the value of trade in services, although the share of services trade was growing fast. For economists, the benefits of free trade are explained by the theory of comparative advantage, with each country doing those things in which it is comparatively more efficient. As long as each country specializes in products in which it has a comparative advantage, trade will be mutually beneficial. Some critics of free trade argue that trade with developing countries, where wages are usually lower and working hours longer than in developed countries, is unfair and will wipe out jobs in high-wage countries. They want autarky or fair trade. Real-world trade patterns sometimes seem to challenge the theory of comparative advantage (see new trade theory). Most trade occurs between countries that do not have huge cost differences. The biggest trading partner of the United States, for instance, is Canada. Well over half the exports from France, Germany and Italy go to other European Union countries. Moreover, these countries sell similar things to each other: cars made in France are exported to Germany, and German cars go to France. The main reason seems to be cross-border differences in consumer tastes. But the agricultural exports of Australia, say, or Saudi Arabia's reliance on oil, do clearly stem from their particular stock of natural resources. Also poorer countries often have more unskilled labor, so they export simple manufactures such as clothing.
Industry:Economy
Emplois pour tout ce que veulent les. Cela ne signifie pas zéro chômage parce qu'à n'importe quel moment certaines personnes ne veulent pas travailler. Aussi, parce que certaines personnes sont toujours entre les travaux, il sera habituellement certains chômage frictionnel. Plein emploi signifie que tout le monde qui veut travail et acceptent de travailler pour le salaire du marché est en travaux. La plupart des gouvernements visent à atteindre le plein emploi, bien que de nos jours ils rarement essayent de baisser le chômage sous le nairu : le chômage le plus bas taux compatible avec une inflation stable et faible.
Industry:Economy
Les entreprises et les institutions qui, ensemble rendent possible de l'argent pour tourner le monde. Cela comprend les marchés financiers, bourses, banques, fonds de pension, fonds communs de placement, assureurs, les régulateurs nationaux, tels que la Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) dans les États-Unis, les banques centrales, les gouvernements et les institutions multinationales, telles que le FMI et la Banque mondiale.
Industry:Economy
Certificat de propriété d'un actif financier, par exemple une caution ou d'une part.
Industry:Economy
Many politicians and NGOs argue that free trade is not enough; it should also be fair. On the face of it, fairness is self-evidently a good thing. However, fairness, in trade as in beauty, lies in the eye of the beholder. Frederic Bastiat, a 19th-century French satirist, once observed that the sun offered unfair competition to candle makers. If windows could be boarded up during the day, he argued, more jobs could be created making candles. American trade unions complain that Mexicans' lower wages, say, give them an unfair advantage. Mexicans say they cannot compete fairly against more productive American counterparts. Both sides are wrong. Mexicans are paid less than Americans largely because they are, in general, less productive. There is nothing unfair about that; indeed, it helps to make trade mutually beneficial. The mutual benefits of trade also disprove the fair traders' other complaint, that free trade harms poor countries. (See comparative advantage. )
Industry:Economy
Ventes à l'étranger. Les exportations ont augmenté régulièrement en proportion de la production mondiale au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle. Encore dans une certaine mesure cette part était pas plus élevée qu'à la fin du XIXe siècle, avant le libre échange a été victime d'une réaction politique.
Industry:Economy
The ingredients of economic activity: land, labor, capital and enterprise.
Industry:Economy
Prêts à stimuler les exportations. Dans de nombreux pays, que ceux-ci sont subventionnés par un vif du gouvernement pour encourager les exportations. En règle générale, le crédit est disponible en deux formes : prêts aux acheteurs étrangers de produits nationaux ; et des garanties sur des prêts accordés par les banques aux entreprises nationales alors qu'ils peuvent produire les exportations qui devraient payer le prêt. Ceci assure efficacement les producteurs contre le non-paiement. Quand les gouvernements concurrencent agressivement les crédits à l'exportation pour gagner des affaires pour les entreprises nationales les sommes mises en jeu peut devenir grand. L'avantage économique des crédits à l'exportation n'est pas clair dans le meilleur des cas. C'est peut-être parce qu'ils sont en grande partie motivées par des objectifs politiques.
Industry:Economy
A loan provided at below the market interest rate. Soft loans are used by international agencies to encourage economic activity in developing countries and to support non-commercial activities.
Industry:Economy
