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ส่วนหนึ่งของเมืองหลวงของประเทศหรือของบริษัทหรือของแต่ละทุนมนุษย์ที่มี ความคิด มากกว่าสิ่งทางกายภาพเพิ่มเติม มักจะถูกป้องกัน โดยสิทธิบัตรหรือกฎหมายทรัพย์สินทางปัญญาอื่น ๆ
Industry:Economy
สิ่งที่มีคุณค่า แม้ว่าคุณไม่สามารถวางเท้าของคุณ – ความคิด พูด โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งหนึ่งคุ้มครอง โดยสิทธิบัตร วัฒนธรรมองค์กรมีประสิทธิภาพ ทุนมนุษย์ แบรนด์ยอดนิยม ความคมชัดกับสินทรัพย์ที่จับต้องได้
Industry:Economy
ในแง่เศรษฐกิจ สิ่งที่ใช้เพื่อลดข้อเสียของความเสี่ยง แบบที่คุ้นเคยมากที่สุด ประกันที่มีให้ผ่านทางนโยบายการสั่งซื้อจากบริษัทประกันภัย แต่คำจำกัดความที่ฟูลเลอร์จะ รวม กล่าวว่า ความปลอดภัยทางการเงิน (หรืออะไร) ที่ใช้ในการป้องกัน ตลอดจนความช่วยเหลือที่ว่างในกรณีภัยพิบัติ มันไม่ได้ให้รัฐบาล ในรูปแบบต่าง ๆ รวมถึงชำระเงินสวัสดิการให้คนป่วย หรือยากจนและการคุ้มครองทางกฎหมายจากเจ้าหนี้ในกรณีล้มละลาย งานประกันทั่วไป โดยความเสี่ยงของหลายคน (หรือบริษัท และอื่น ๆ), ทุกคนอาจเรียกร้องร่วมกัน แต่ ในทางปฏิบัติ เป็นจริงทำ ต้นทุนของการให้ความช่วยเหลือกับผู้ที่อ้างว่า เป็นราดทั้งหมดอาจเกี่ยว ดังนั้น ทำประกันราคาไม่แพงทั้งหมด แม้ มีสถานที่ท่องเที่ยวมหาศาลของตลาดประกันภัย ส่วนตัวในประกันมักจะทำงานไม่ดี หรือไม่ นักเศรษฐศาสตร์ได้ระบุเหตุผลหลัก 3 ประการนี้ * บริษัทส่วนตัวจะไม่ยอมให้ประกันถ้าพวกเขาไม่แน่ใจเกี่ยวกับต้นทุนมีแนวโน้มให้ครอบคลุมเพียงพอ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งถ้าเป็นอาจไม่จำกัด * อันตรายศีลธรรมหมายความ ว่า ผู้ประกันอาจจะเสี่ยงมากกว่า เพราะพวกเขารู้ว่า พวกเขามีป้องกัน เพื่อภัยอาจได้รับส่วนใหญ่กว่าจะต่อสำหรับ * ญี่ปุ่นเสี่ยงเลือกร้ายได้ คนที่มักจะอ้างว่า ซื้อประกัน และผู้ที่มีแนวโน้มจะเรียกร้องอย่างน้อยซื้อ ในสถานการณ์นี้ การตั้งราคาประกันที่จะสร้างเบี้ยเพียงพอครอบคลุมเคลมได้ยุ่งยาก ถ้าไม่ไปไม่ได้ ญี่ปุ่นได้พบวิธีลดผลกระทบของปัญหาเหล่านี้ ตัวอย่าง การเลือก ร้ายนับจะตั้งราคาประกันสุขภาพสูงขึ้นสำหรับผู้ที่สูบบุหรี่ จำกัดอันตรายศีลธรรม มีเบี้ยลดลงผู้ที่ตกลงจ่ายแรกเพื่อหลายดอลลาร์หรือปอนด์ของข้อเรียกร้องใด ๆ เป็นระบบที่มีประสิทธิภาพของประกัน ในการรับความรู้สึก สามารถช่วยการเติบโตทางเศรษฐกิจ โดยสนับสนุนให้ผู้ประกอบการเสี่ยงการ และโดยการเลือกความเสี่ยงที่จะ และ ที่พวกเขาปกป้องตัวเองกับ
Industry:Economy
În ianuarie 1999, 11 din cele 15 ţări din Uniunea Europeană au fuzionat monedele lor naţionale într-o monedei unice europene, Euro. Această decizie a fost motivată parţial de politică şi de sperat-pentru beneficii economice la crearea unei economii europene unic și integrat. Aceste beneficii inclus stabilitatea monetară şi inflaţie scăzută, subscrise de o independente European central bank (un avantaj special pentru ţările cu înregistrările săraci inflaţiei, precum Italia şi Spania, dar mai puţin atât pentru Germania în mod tradiţional scăzut de inflaţie). În plus, întreprinderile europene şi indivizi se afla pentru a salva de manipulare o monedă, mai degrabă decât multe. Compararea preţurilor şi a salariilor în zona Euro a devenit mai uşor, creşterea concurenţei prin ceea ce face mai uşor pentru companii de a vinde în toată zona Euro şi pentru consumatori să magazin în jurul. Formarea moneda unică, de asemenea, a implicat riscuri mari, cu toate acestea. Euro membri dat atât dreptul de a stabili propriile rate ale dobânzii şi posibilitatea de a se deplasează în ratele de schimb unul împotriva celuilalt. Au convenit de asemenea să limiteze deficitele bugetare sub un pact de stabilitate şi creştere. Unii economişti au susținut că această pierdere de flexibilitate ar putea dovedi costisitoare în cazul economiilor lor a făcut nu se comporta ca unul şi nu ar putea ajusta cu uşurinţă în alte moduri. Cât de bine funcţiile de zona Euro va depinde de cât de strâns se aseamănă cu ceea ce economiştii numesc un zona de moneda optima. Când Euro economiile nu cresc la unison, o riscurile politicii monetare comune fiind prea tare pentru unii şi prea strâmt pentru alţii. Dacă este aşa, mai trebuie să fie mari transferuri de fonduri din regiunile face bine la cei care fac rău. Dar în cazul în care efectele de şocuri persistă, transferuri fiscale ar întârzia doar Ziua socotelilor; în cele din urmă, salariile sau oameni (sau ambele) ar trebui să se mute. În primii ani puţini, Euro a scăzut brusc faţă de dolar, deşi este recuperat în timpul sfârşitul anului 2002. Lent de creştere în unele economii europene au condus la presiuni intense pentru dobanda bucăţile, stabilitate şi creştere Pactului fiind încălcat, deşi nu casate. Chiar şi aşa, 2003 12 ţări au adoptat Euro, cu speranţa de mai multe să urmeze după extinderea UE la 25 de membri în 2004.
Industry:Economy
Mathematics and sophisticated computing applied to economics. Econometricians crunch data in search of economic relationships that have statistical significance. Sometimes this is done to test a theory; at other times the computers churn the numbers until they come up with an interesting result. Some economists are fierce critics of theory-free econometrics.
Industry:Economy
Ceva de vânzare pentru mai puţin decât costul de producerea sa. Aceasta poate fi utilizată de o firmă de dominantă pentru a ataca rivali, o strategie cunoscut autorităţilor antitrust ca pradă de stabilire a preţurilor. Participanţii la comerţul internaţional sunt adesea acuzate de dumping interne firme acuzaţie mai mult decât importurile rivale de. Ţări pot palmă drepturi importurile ieftine care le judeca sunt fiind aruncate în pieţele lor. Adesea aceasta se ridică la slab deghizat protecţionism împotriva mai eficiente firme străine. În practică, preţuri ruinare autentic este rare-cu siguranţă mult mai rar decât antidumping acţiuni-pentru că ea se bazează pe capacitatea puţin probabil de un singur producător să domine o piaţă mondială. În orice caz, consumatorii câştig la preţuri mai mici; Deci fac companiile care pot cumpăra livrările lor mai ieftine in strainatate.
Industry:Economy
O firmă cu capacitatea de a stabili prețurile în piaţa sa (a se vedea monopol, oligopol şi antitrust).
Industry:Economy
Atunci când o țară propriu bani este înlocuit ca monedă preferate de cetăţenii săi de dolarul SUA. Acest lucru poate fi o politică deliberată guvernul sau rezultatul de mai multe opţiuni privat de cumpărători şi vânzători (de exemplu, la primul semn de necazuri, investitorii din America Latină, în general, să fugă în dolari). Atunci când aceasta este politica guvernului, dollarization este, în esenţă, o beefed sus monedă bord. Apel de dollarization este că valoarea dolarului este mai stabil decât distrusted moneda locală, care pot avea de asemenea o istorie a cădea brusc în valoare. Prin eliminarea tuturor posibil risc de devalorizare faţă de dolar, costul de companii locale şi guvernul pe împrumut în pieţele internaţionale este redus, riscul valutar este eliminat. Un dezavantaj mare este că ţara mâinile peste controlul politicii monetare a Federal Reserve, şi dreptul de rata dobânzii pentru Statele Unite nu pot fi adecvate pentru tara dollarized, în cazul în care această ţară şi Statele Unite nu constituie o zona de moneda optima. Acesta este un motiv că, în unele ţări moneda locală a fost strămutate de un alt destul stabil monedă, cum ar fi, în unele economii europene centrale, Euro (şi înainte de faptul că d-marca).
Industry:Economy
Oamenii sunt mai bine specializata decât încercarea de a fi jacks a tuturor meseriilor şi se încheie până masters de nici unul. Logica de împărţirea forţei de muncă în diferite meserii şi profesii este acelaşi ca care stau la baza cazul pentru comerţ liber: toată lumea beneficiază de face acele lucruri în care acestea au un avantaj comparativ şi utilizarea veniturilor de la a face astfel încât să îndeplinească altor nevoi.
Industry:Economy
Parte din profitul unei companii repartizată acționarilor. Spre deosebire de interes pe datorie, plata un dividend nu este automată. S-a decis de managerii companiei, sub rezerva aprobării companiei proprietarilor (acţionarilor). Cu toate acestea, când o companie se taie dividende sale, acest lucru declanseaza un sharp se încadrează în preţul său de cota de mai mult decât ar fi apar de obicei să fie justificată de reducerea dividendului. Economiştii teoretiza că acest lucru este pentru că un dividend taie semnale către acţionari care societatea este într-un mod rău, cu mai multe ştiri rele să urmeze.
Industry:Economy
